What does boiling water effectively do?

Boiling water is a widely recognized method for ensuring its safety for consumption primarily through the elimination of microorganisms. When water is boiled at a temperature of 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit) for a sufficient duration, most bacteria, viruses, and protozoa responsible for waterborne illnesses are effectively killed. This process disrupts the cellular processes of these microorganisms, rendering them unable to survive and reproduce.

While boiling water does not remove chemical pollutants or eliminate all viruses effectively, it excels in making water microbiologically safe, especially in areas where water quality may be compromised. It is important to note that while boiling can reduce microbial load dramatically, it may not address chemical contaminants, which require different treatment methods like filtration or chemical treatment.