What is one major disadvantage of surface water sources?

One major disadvantage of surface water sources is their vulnerability to pollution from industrial activities. Surface water such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs can become contaminated by various pollutants, including chemicals, heavy metals, and pathogens. These contaminants can enter water bodies through direct discharge from factories, runoff from agricultural land, or stormwater drainage. Once polluted, treatment becomes necessary to ensure the water is safe for consumption and use, significantly increasing water management costs and health risks for communities relying on these sources.

While it might be true that some surface water sources are abundant, they are not universally available in all regions. In addition, while drought conditions can affect surface water levels, this is not inherently a disadvantage of the water source itself but rather a consequence of environmental changes. Lastly, surface water is not secure from climate variability; in fact, it is highly susceptible to changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events, which can impact water availability and quality.