What technologies are commonly used for water filtration?

The correct choice highlights a comprehensive range of technologies that are employed for water filtration, which is essential for providing clean, safe drinking water. Sand filters utilize granular media to physically remove large particles and sediment from water. Membrane filtration involves the use of semipermeable membranes to separate contaminants based on size, effectively filtering out bacteria and other impurities. Activated carbon filters are effective at adsorbing organic compounds and chlorine, thereby improving taste and odor. Reverse osmosis systems provide a high level of purification by pushing water through a semi-permeable membrane that removes a wide array of contaminants, including dissolved salts and heavy metals.

These technologies address various water quality issues and are widely adaptable for different settings, from municipal water treatment plants to residential systems. The combination of these methods ensures that water is filtered through both physical and chemical processes, which is crucial for achieving safe drinking water standards.